PALM OIL MILL : Buku Pintar: 2014

Rabu, 13 Agustus 2014

BAB. V. Sumber Daya Energi POM & Besaran-Besaran Praktis (bag.2)

1.02. Besaran – besaran praktis.

Panjang.

1 km = 1.000 m

1 m = 1.000 mm

1 inchi = 25,4 cm

1 foot = 304,8 mm

1 foot = 12 inchi

1 yard = 0,9144 m

1 yard = 3 feet

1 mile (statute) = 1.609,3 m

= 5.280 feet

= 1.760 yard

= 0,8684 mile (nautical)

1 mile (nautical) = 1,852 m

= 6.080,27 feet

= 2.027 yard

= 1,1516 mile (statute)

L u a s .

1 km2 = 1.000.000 m2.

= 247,1 acre

= 10,76 X 10.000 ft2

= 0,3861 mile2

1 ha( hm2 ) = 10.000 m2

1 ha = 25 rante.

1 rante = 400 m2.

I s i.

1 liter = 1.000 cm3 = 1.000 cc

1 mililiter = 1 cm3

1 gallon (british) = 4,546 liter

=1,2009gallon(US)

1 gallon (US) = 3,7853 liter

= 0,83267 gallon ( British )

Waktu & frekwensi.

1 jam = 60 menit

1 menit = 60 detik.

1 kilo hertz ( kHz ) = 1.000 cycle / detik

1 hertz ( Hz ) = 1 cycle / detik.

1 kilo bita/detik (KBps) = 8 kilo bit/detik(Kbps)

1 knot = 1,8532 km/jam

= 1 nautical mile/jam

= 1,151 statute mile/jam

1 km/jam = 0,5396 knot

Massa.

1 ton = 1.000 kilogram.

1 kwintal = 100 kg

1 karat ( untuk intan berlian) = 0,2 gram

1 pon = 5 ons ( belanda )

1 ons = 100 gram ( belanda)

1 pound = 453,59243 gram ( inggris)

1 ounce = 28,35 gram ( inggris )

1 long ton = 1.016 kg ( inggris)

1 short ton = 907,185 kg ( amerika )

Tenaga.

1 ton = 1.000.000 gram.

1 kilogram = 1.000 gram.

1 megadyne ( Mdn )= 1.019,7 kg

1 newton ( N ) = 101,97 gram.

Tekanan .

1 atmosfir = 760 mm air raksa.

1 bar = 1,0197 kg/cm2

1 atm = 14,696 psi

= 1,033 kg/cm2

1 kg/cm2 = 14,227 psi.

Usaha.

1 kwh = 3.600.000 Joule

= 367.000 kgm

= 860 k cal.

= 3,413 btu

Daya .

1 W = 0,102 kgm / detik

= 1 joule/detik

= 3,4129 btu/jam

= 0,01433 kcal/menit

1 kW = 1,36 pk

= 1,341 hp

1 pk = 75 kgm / detik

1 pk = 736 Watt

Panas.

1 KWh = 860 kcal.

1 BTU ( British Thermal unit) = 0,252 kcal.

t Fahrenheit = 5/9 ( t – 32 ) Celcius = 4/9( t – 32 ) Reaumur

t Celcius = 4/5 t Reaumur = (9/5 t + 32) Fahrenheit

t Reaumur = 5/4 t Celcius = ( 9/4t + 32 ) Fahrenheit.

Cahaya.

satuan kuat cahaya = lilin, satuan arus cahaya = lumen,satuan kuat penerangan = lux.

kuat penerangan ( lux)=arus cahaya (lumen) dibagi luas (m2)

Kuat penerangan pd satu titik = kuat cahaya ( lilin) dibagi jarak (m) pangkat dua

1 lumen = 0,07958 lilin

= 0,001496 watt

1 lux = 0,0929 lilin.ft

5,06, Berat Material tiap m3.

No	Material	Berat ( Kg )	catatan
1	Biji Dura	560
2	Biji Tenera	823
3	Kernel Basah	650
4	Kernel Kering	630
5	Fiber	390
6	Cangkang	600
7	Massa Adukan
8	Abu incinerator
9	TBS
10	Berondolan segar
11	Berondolan rebus

BAB. V. Sumber Daya Energi POM & Besaran-Besaran Praktis (bag.1)

BAB. V. Sumber Daya Energi POM & Besaran-Besaran Praktis

5.01, Analisis Neraca Panas & Daya Listrik Palm Oil Mill.

Basis : Kapasitas Pabrik 30 ton TBS / jam.

Produk samping yang dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar ;

1. Serabut ( Fiber ).

2. Cangkang ( shell )

3. Tandan kosong ( empty bunch ) -à cadangan.

Analisa ketersediaan bahan bakar ( fuel)

Serabut ( Fibre )

Quantity = 17,5 % x TBS (wet) = 5250 kg / jam ( referensi Material balance)

Komposisi:

H2O = 23,7 %

NOS = 70,8 %

Oil = 5,5 %

-----------------------

Total = 100 %

Cangkang ( Shell ).

Quantity = 7,5 % x TBS ( wet ) = 2250 kg/jam ( referensi material balance )

Komposisi :

H2O = 16 %

NOS = 83 %

Oil = 1 %

------------------------

Total = 100 %

Heating value of fuel :

Referensi : Stork Palm oil Review vol.2 No, 2 March 1961.

Heating value : heat produced at constant volume by complete combustion of a unit quantity of fuel in an oxygen bomb calorimeter.

High heating value ( HHV ) : heating value which include the latent heat or gross heating value ( GHV ) of vaporization of water in the combustion product.

Low Heating Value ( LHV ) : heating value which is not include the latent heat of vaporization of water in the combustion product.

LHV serabut ( fibre)

= ( 44,5 x NOS%) + ( 49,5 x oil% ) – 600 kCal/kg

= ( 44,5 x 70,8 ) + ( 49,5 x 5,4 ) – 600 kCal/kg

= 2817,9 kCal/kg.

LHV Cangkang ( shell )

= ( 53 x NOS% ) + ( 41 x Oil% ) 600 kCal/kg

= ( 53 x 83 ) + ( 41 x 1 ) – 600 kCal/kg

= 3840 kCal/kg.

Total Heat available ( Q production ) = Q serabut + Q cangkang.

= (total serabut x LHV serabut ) + ( Total cangkang x LHV cangkang)

= ( 5250 kg/jamx 2817,9 kCal/kg) + (2250 kg/jam x 3840 kCal/kg)

= 23.433.975 Kcal/jam.

Analisa Konsumsi Bahan Bakar;

User ( pemakai ) utama bahan bakar : Steam Boiler.

Properties steam :

1. Quality : Superheated Steam

2. Quantity,M : 25.000 kg / jam ( Kapasitas Boiler)

3. Tekanan,P : 21 kg/cm2G ( Project specification)

4. Temperature : 270 C

5. Enthalpi,Hv : 2950,93 kJ/kg = 705 kCal/kg.

Properties Air Umpan Boiler ( Boiler Feed Water)

1. Tekanan : 21 kg/cm2G ( Project specification

2. Temperature : 70 C

3. Enthalpi, Hl : 294,7 kJ/kg = 70 kCal/kg.

Boiler efficiency ( n ) : 75 % ( vendor data )

Total kebutuhan panas Boiler( Q consumption ) :

Q consumption

= ( M x ( Hv – Hl) /n

= 25.000 x ( 705 – 70 ) / 0.75

= 21.166.666 kCal/jam

Neraca Panas Total

= Q production - Q consumption

= 23.433.975 - 21.166.666 k Cal/jam

= 2.267.309 kCal/jam ( excess )

Analisa Ketersediaan Tenaga Listrik ( Electric Power ).

Main Power Generator : Steam Turbo Alternator.

Type : Single Stage , non condensing.

Direct High Pressure Steam comsumption for

Steam Driven pump : 900 kg / jam.

Steam Losses ( 2% ) : 500 kg / jam

Actual available steam ( Ma)

= 25.000 – 900 – 500 kg / jam

= 23.600 kg/jam

Actual steam consumption rate ( St ) = 24 kg / kWh

Total Electric power available ( P )

= Ma / St

= 23.600 kg/jam / 24 kg/ kWh.

= 983 kW

Analisa Konsumsi Energy Listrik :

Power consumption at peak load = 19 kWh / ton TBS x 30 ton TBS/jam = 570 kW

Total Power Balance

= 983 kw – 570 kW = 413 kW ( Excess )

1. Kekuatan terbesar dalam diri kita adalah kemampuan memilih pikiran ( yang positif ).

2. Kemampuan memilih tindakan hanya akan menghasilkan kesuksesan.

3. Kemampuan memilih pikiran akan menghasilkan kebahagiaan.

4. Manusia diciptakan Tuhan didunia untuk mencapai kebahagiaan.

5. Dalam bertindak hendaklah perasaan dikontrol oleh pikiran.

6. Keberhasilan kita akan sesuatu karena dipikirkan berulang ulang.

1.02.KOREKSI FAKTOR DAYA ( COS phi ).

Kapasitor bank dibutuhkan :

Daya terpakai = 900 KW

Power factor awal = 0,65 =è

KVA =1384,6 => KVAR = 1052,2

Power factor koreksi = 0,9 =>

KVA = 1000 => KVAR = 435,9

-----------------------------------------------

KVAR dibutuhkan = 616,3

2 2 2

(KVAR) = (KVA) - (KW)

1.03. Pemakaian Bahan Bakar / bahan untuk pembangkit listrik /uap

No	Mesi /alat	Bhn bakar/bhn	Satuan	Jumlah
1	Diesel	Solar	Liter / kwh	0,16
2	Turbin	Steam	Kg / kwh	24
3	Boiler	Fiber & shell	Kg / kwh	0,4

1.04. NILAI KALOR

Material	Cal / kg
Cangkang LHV Serabut LHV Tandan Kosong Kernel Minyak sawit Minyak solar Minyak Premium Kayu rambung Elpiji	3840 2818 2.000 – 2.500 10.500 10.200 2.400 – 3.700 9.800